How a dairy farm successfully captured its methane

Sealing manure ponds at a Central Valley, California, farm cut emissions dramatically.

A giant, balloon-like tarp stretches over a lagoon of manure on a Central Valley, California, dairy farm, concealing a quiet but remarkable transformation. Methane, a potent climate-warming gas, is being captured and cleaned instead of released into the atmosphere.

A study from researchers at the University of California, Riverside shows the effectiveness of dairy digesters, which are manure ponds tightly sealed to capture and re-use the methane they produce. The study shows these systems can reduce atmospheric methane emissions by roughly 80 percent, a result that closely matches estimates California state officials have used in their climate planning.

The findings, published in Global Change Biology Bioenergy, come as California ramps up investment in methane control technologies to meet its goal of cutting emissions 40 percent below 2013 levels by the end of the decade. More than 130 of these systems are now operating across California dairies, but until now, their real-world performance hadn’t been verified this rigorously.

“The digesters can leak, and they sometimes do,” said Francesca Hopkins, a climate scientist at UCR who led the research. “But when the system is built well and managed carefully, the emissions really drop. That’s what we saw here.”

The team focused on a family-run dairy farm in Tulare County, a hot and dry region in the San Joaquin Valley that produces more milk than any other county in the United States. The researchers conducted mobile atmospheric measurements around the farm for a year before and a year after the digester system was installed in 2021, collecting hundreds of data points from a van equipped with precision gas sensors.

UCR states that methane is more than 80 times as potent as carbon dioxide at warming the atmosphere over a 20-year time frame — yet other research notes that it is notably short-lived in the atmosphere, compared to carbon dioxide which can accumulate.

In California, much of the methane comes from dairy cows. The gas is not just from the burps they emit after eating, but from the way their manure is stored. When manure is held in open, water-filled pits, it breaks down without oxygen and emits methane into the air.

Covering those pits with gas-tight membranes allows the gas to be trapped, cleaned, and piped into fuel systems that often replace diesel in long-haul trucks. At the Tulare County site, researchers initially found some leaks in the system. Working with the digester operator, California Bioenergy, the team flagged the problems. Adjustments were made. The methane reductions followed.

“This was a textbook case of adaptive management,” Hopkins said. “The partnership between scientists, the company, and the farmer really made a huge difference.”

While the study affirms the potential of dairy digesters, it also acknowledges their limitations. They do not address other emissions common to dairy operations, such as ammonia or airborne particles that affect local air quality. Building the digesters is also no small task. It requires permits, capital investment, and long-term maintenance.

“They’re not for every farm,” Hopkins said. “But for dairies that can make it work, this is one of the most cost-effective ways we have to cut these greenhouse gas emissions.”