Thinking of Raising Sheep?

Many farmers and rural residents with land or other available resources are thinking of raising sheep. A lot of things need to be considered before you invest in a sheep enterprise.

To run a successful sheep enterprise, you’ll want to efficiently produce high-quality lamb and wool that can be profitably marketed. The first step is to evaluate the resources you have available. Then you’ll need to design a sheep production system that will use those resources most efficiently.

Take Stock

Before diving in and purchasing a flock, make sure to take stock of what you need to be successful — and if you have the requisite space and resources necessary.

Land

How much land is available and what is its productivity? If all the forage produced on an acre of land could be harvested as hay and measured in tons (or hay equivalent per acre), you would have an estimate of your land’s productive capacity. Some rough hill lands in New England only produce up to one ton of hay equivalent (H.E.) per acre per year. This would probably be harvested and consumed by the sheep as pasture. “Average” pasture and hay land may produce two or more tons of H.E. per acre. Good land might produce four or five tons if properly managed.

Suppose you have 100 acres, of which 30 acres are rough poor pasture and will produce about one ton H.E., 30 are average and will produce two or more tons of H.E. and 30 are good to excellent and should produce four tons of H.E. per acre. Your total production would be 30 x 1 = 30, plus 30 x 2 = 60, plus 30 x 4 = 120. This equals a total estimated H.E. of 210 tons. An average ewe requires 3/4 ton of hay per year (half of this comes from pasture). So in this example, you should have enough forage for about 280 ewes (210 divided by .75).

This method is, of course, only an estimate. But it is a quick, easy and reasonably accurate method to evaluate your land resources for sheep. On most farms, improvements in pasture management and forage culture can result in big increases in production.

Just remember that about half of the forage production would be consumed as pasture and the rest as harvested forage in the winter. You must be prepared to provide hay or silage for winter feed.

Buildings

Do you have buildings to house the number of ewes you want in the winter, along with their lambs? You will need about 15 square feet for each ewe. So in the example of a 280-ewe flock, you would need about 4,200 square feet for the sheep. (The exact amount will depend on your production system.)

Dry (non-lactating) ewes need only modest protection, even in winter, if they are well fed, while ewes with January baby lambs need more. Most older dairy barns, machine sheds and outbuildings can be converted to excellent quarters for sheep.

The University of Massachusetts Extension advised potential sheep farmers to remember these points of information when planing out a building to house their flocks:

• Sheep do not like to be enclosed in a tight environment.
• Sheep prefer to move from a darkened area towards a lighter area.
• Sheep prefer to move to flat areas.
• Sheep prefer to move in the facilities in a consistent direction.
• Sheep will stop forward movement when they see sheep moving in the opposite direction.
• Sheep will move faster through a long, narrow pen or area rather than through a square pen.
• Sheep will move more willingly toward an open area than toward what looks like a dead end.

But remember, sheep should have an open, cold, dry barn rather than a tight, warm, humid barn. They wear sheepskin coats and do well in the cold, except for when baby lambs are born.

Machinery and Equipment

Do you have the equipment and machinery to harvest hay, clip pastures, clean barns, etc.? Or can you arrange with a neighbor to do this? Or should you plan on purchasing hay? If you only need about 100 tons of hay, it may be cheaper and easier to buy the hay than to make it. This might also allow you to increase your ewe numbers.

What about sheep equipment? You will need proper fences (high-tensile electric), corrals, sorting pens, lambing pens, and more. You will also need small pieces of equipment for foot trimming, tail docking, ear tagging, and possibly for shearing.

Markets

How will you market your products? Are you planning to sell hot-house lambs, feeder lambs, freezer lambs, market lambs, breeding stock, wool or all of the above? Are you planning to sell on a seasonal basis or have an even cash flow with the lambs for sale throughout the year?

Your market is a valuable resource that must be studied and cultivated.

A sheep farming fact-sheet from the Oklahoma State University Extension said one way to turn a profit on sheep farming is through local sales and direct marketing.

“Find a slaughter plant in the area that will work with you and sell whole or half lambs to people in the neighborhood who like lamb. Because lamb is not readily available in many communities, many people buy a lamb in this manner in order to have lamb available for food consumption,” said Gerald Q. Fitch, Extension sheep specialist at OSU.

Labor

Do you have the time and the manpower to properly care for the sheep? Sheep probably respond more to proper care and attention than any other farm animal. For the most part, the labor is not hard, but they require quality time and quality care.

Timeliness of sheep management tasks is very important. You must have time to do the jobs when required and not put them off until next week or next month. You must have time to observe the animals and recognize their needs. This is true for any livestock, but especially sheep.

Capital

Do you have the capital or money available to get started, hold you until the sheep are in full production and maybe see you through some dips?

Finances are individual, and every situation is different. You need to carefully evaluate your financial resources before starting a sheep enterprise. Compare sheep with other alternatives.

This Sheep Operation Enterprise Budget from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Extension is a budgeting tool that could come in handy when deciding the size and scope of your operation.

Production and Management

Once you evaluate your resources, you can set up an overall management system that will use them efficiently and be profitable. Sheep are amazingly adaptable. Using different breeds and systems, you can set and meet your production goals. The goals you set will depend on your resources, abilities, the ability of the sheep and the products you hope to produce.

Product Choices

• Lamb for meat — Market lamb (100 to 110 pounds)
• Feeder lamb (40 to 70 pounds) — Sell to lamb feeder, keep and feed to 100 to 110 pounds, custom-feed in feedlot
• Hot-house lamb (30 to 40 pounds) — Sold at Easter or other celebration time
• Breeding stock — Both registered and commercial
• Wool — Probably sold at wool pool or developed as a specialty market for spinning or felting
• Milk — Sheep’s milk for cheese is popular in some areas of the world, but milk breeds aren’t very common in the United States

The level of production, especially of lamb, can vary from less than one lamb per ewe per year to more than three lambs per ewe per year. Choosing the product to be produced and a production goal depends on the breed of sheep and your management system.

Breed Characteristics

Many production systems use combinations of breeds to meet specific goals. Of course, your success will ultimately depend on good management, nutrition, technology, disease control and marketing.

Research from Melanie Barkley of the Penn State University Extension said one way to meet specific goals and improve productivity with your sheep herd is to cross-breed and “take advantage of desired characteristics from two to three breeds of sheep.” Another effect of this is the phenomenon known as heterosis, or “hybrid vigor.” According to Barkley, it is defined as “increased productivity of the crossbred offspring as compared to the average of the parent breeds.”

Each breed represents a given genotype that is best in some situations and not in others. For example, if you want to produce only fine wool, Merino, Shetland, or Rambouillet sheep might be the breed of choice.

On the other hand, Suffolk, Hampshire, or Jacob sheep would be good choices for farmers wanting to focus on meat production.

As mentioned before, breeds known for their milk production are not common in the U.S. — the most popular breed grown in the U.S. is the East Friesian.

Sheep Management Tasks

Any successful sheep producer keeps up with day-to-day management tasks, and does them properly.

According to work done by the University of Maine Extension, here are some of the most important management tasks for landowners wanting to raise a healthy flock:

• Observe animals daily by looking at their behavior and their movement — watch for any limpers (catch, examine and treat if necessary) and for animals hanging back or that don’t get up to feed.
• Gently handle all sheep, refrain from yelling, yanking legs and horns and pulling wool.
• When handling sheep, squeeze them into a small space with a gate.
• Sheep typically move away from a rattle and a crook. There is no need to hit.
• Facilities should include an easy way to catch and restrain animals for observation or treatment.
• Provide adequate space for each animal based on its size, breed and other recommendations.
• Manage facilities with sanitation and disease prevention in mind.
• Clean out pens at least yearly.
• Provide dry pathways for sheep to move to and from pasture.

Markets for Lamb and Wool

Most wool is marketed through one of the wool marketing cooperatives, although some is sold to other buyers or, hand-spinners, and small quantities are custom made into yarn, cloth or blankets.

Lamb markets need further development and require a larger and more consistent supply. Lamb can be marketed through local auctions, the spring hot-house lamb market, the freezer trade, producer cooperatives or directly to large slaughterhouses.

Further information on current lamb meat prices and a detailed look at lamb markets in specific regions of the U.S. can be found at the American Sheep Industry Association website.

Where to Get Sheep?

If you decide to start a sheep enterprise, where you get your starter flock is critical. It can be difficult to get exactly the breed you want and number you want at reasonable cost.

Breeds or types should either lamb out-of-season, have large lamb crops or both. Some beginning producers simply started with whatever sheep are available and set up a breeding program to create the preferred genotypes by proper ram selection and careful culling. Obtaining the proper sheep is difficult, but exceedingly important.

Kentucky sheep farmers Daniel and Katie Carrico of Lost Oak Farm encourage newcomers to start small when picking out a first flock — whichever breed of sheep it may be.

“Bringing in too many animals too quickly can (1) open up opportunities for new illnesses to be introduced into your flock and (2) risk the wellness of all your sheep if you aren’t yet equipped to support large numbers,” Katie said on the couple’s website.

Feeding Sheep

Sheep are efficient users of forage. In fact, they can get a larger portion of their nutrients from pasture and hay than most other animals. They eat and control most weeds and, with proper pasture management, can significantly boost production of many native pastures.

The forage must, at certain times, be supplemented with grains or other concentrated feeds to meet nutritional requirements, especially for ewes during late pregnancy or lactation and for rapidly growing lambs. Most dairy feeds are suitable for lactating ewes.

Mineral or salt combinations are also available. The trace elements iodine, cobalt and selenium are deficient in many forages, so supplements are needed. Copper is toxic to sheep at lower concentrations than it is for other livestock. So read labels to be sure copper levels will not harm sheep.

One big question is what harvested forage or method of harvesting you should use. Many dairy farms have silos and silage-making equipment available, and can use hay crop silage as winter feed. Smaller farms usually use small square bales, although big round bales are common. The small square bales are easier to handle and can be transported, purchased or sold. They can be produced with readily available equipment and offer more flexibility than other types.

The big round bales are popular and require little labor if you have the right handling equipment. Some producers successfully self-feed these in specially designed feeders to reduce labor and feed wastage.

A beginning sheep producer must also decide whether harvested forage should be purchased or produced. Farmers who are adding on a sheep enterprise probably already have the production capability needed, but others may be wise to purchase hay. If you start with 50 or fewer ewes and only 15 or 20 tons of hay are required, purchasing hay seems reasonable. Whatever feed system you decide on, remember that any investment in harvesting equipment must be paid for by the sheep. A small flock cannot cover the costs of large tractors, forage harvesters, silos, and other major equipment.